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bandu2 : menu_arrow.gif Article: The bone of the humerus - 16/12/2010 09:23

 

The bone of the humerus or arm is single, and is long in proportion to the bones of the fore-arm, which are united throughout their length, their duality being manifested by a simple furrow or depression. These bones are distinct in the reptiles generally, and the radius is generally rather the longest; the ulna is prolonged backwards into a kind of olecranon, and sometimes coach handbags outlet this apophysis is distinct, and becomes a sort of sesamo'id-bone in the thick part coach purses on sale of the tendon of the extensor muscles. The Pipas, the Tortoises, and the greater part of the Saurians have this conformation. The bones of the carpus, or wrist, exhibit nothing extraordinary in their structure; nor do those of the fingers, which are without nails or claws, require particular notice.The bones of the well-developed pelvis present considerable differences in the various genera of Anourous Amphibia. Thus in tho cheap coach bags Frogs {liana) and the Tree-Frogs (Jlyta), the osca ilii are very much elongated, articulated in a moveable manner on the sacrum, and very much approximated below towards the cotyloid cavity ; so that the two heads of the thigh-bones G star raw jeans seem to be placed in eontact, a conformation which much influences the action of the posterior limbs upon the trunk in the execution of the motions of swimming and leaping. In the Pipa, or Surinam Toad, the G-star ossa ilii are very much widened at the point of junction with the sacrum, which is, itself, dilated, forming a strong union by means of a true symphysis. The femur, or thigh-bone, is very much G-star outlet elongated, and slightly curved in the form of the letter S in the Frogs (liana), and in tho Tree-Frogs (Hi/la); it is a little shorter in the Toads (Biifo), and is flattened in the Pipa. The bones of the leg (tibia and fibula) are, in the Reptiles, generally distinct; but in the Anoiirous Amphibia, Rana, Jlyla, and Pipa, for instance, they are so soldered together as to form but a single articulation with the femur and tarsus, and to present the appearance of a single very-niuch-elongated bone, which some have erroneously considered as a supernumerary bone, or second femur.


bandu2 : menu_arrow.gif Article: The knee-joint - 16/12/2010 09:24




The knee-joint and articulating bones are so disposed that the feet have alwajrs a direction outwards. In the Reptiles generally, the posterior feet are more developed than the anterior limbs ; and this modification is particularly observable in the A nourous A mphibia, which have the tarsus so much elongated as to induce some to consider the first bones composing it to be a fibula or tibia. The bones of the metatarsus correspond to G-star outlet the number G-star of toes.Tiit Teeth.—As these are very important organs in the whole of the Amphibia, we shall now present an abstract of this subject from Professor Owen's celebrated work entitled 'Odontography.1 He remarks that the variations which the dental system presents in the A mphibia are more conspicuous in the number, situation, and structure of the teeth, than in their form or mode of attachment. Certain Batrachians,Ski-k'toii of the Common Frog.he observes, are edentulous, the genus Hylaplesia among the TreeFrogs, for example, and the Bufonidn; or coach handbags outlet Toad Family, With the exception of some species of Bombinator. The teeth when present are described by him as generally numerous, simple, of small and equal size, and close-set, either in a single row or aggregated, like the teeth of a G star raw jeans rasp, and he points out a characteristic condition of the dental system in fishes, namely, cheap coach bags the absence of teeth on the superior maxillary bone, as being continued in those genera of Perennihranchiate Batrachians which stand lowest in the class of Reptiles ; not only the superior maxillary teeth, but the bones themselves are absent, he observes, in Siren, Menobranrhiu, and Proteus. In the Siren, he describes the lower margin of the intennaxillary bones, and the sloping anterior and tipper margin of tho lower jaw, as trenchant, and each encased in a sheath of firm, albuminous, minutely fibrous tissue, harder than horn. The bones thus armed slide upon each other, ho coach purses on sale tells us, like the bladesof. a pair of curved scissors, when the mouth is closed, and are well adapted for dividing the bodies of small fish, aquatic larva?, worms, &c.

 

bandu2 : menu_arrow.gif Article: The horny substitute - 16/12/2010 09:26







The knee-joint and articulating bones are so disposed that the feet have alwajrs a direction outwards. In the Reptiles generally, the posterior feet are more developed than the anterior limbs ; and this modification is particularly observable in the A nourous A mphibia, which have the tarsus so much elongated as to induce some to consider the first bones composing it to be a fibula or G-star outlet tibia. The bones of the metatarsus correspond to G-star outlet the number G-star of toes.Tiit Teeth.—As these are very important organs in the whole of the Amphibia, we shall now present an abstract of this subject from Professor Owen's celebrated work entitled 'Odontography.1 He remarks that the variations which the dental system presents in the G-star A mphibia are more conspicuous in the number, situation, and structure of the teeth, than in their form or mode of attachment. Certain Batrachians,Ski-k'toii of the Common Frog.he observes, are edentulous, the genus Hylaplesia among the TreeFrogs, for example, and the cheap coach bags Bufonidn; or coach handbags outlet Toad Family, With the exception of some species of Bombinator. The teeth when present are described by him as generally numerous, simple, of small and equal size, and close-set, either in a single row or aggregated, like the teeth of a G star raw jeans rasp, and he points out a characteristic condition of the dental system in fishes, namely, cheap coach bags the absence of teeth on the superior maxillary bone, as being continued in those genera of Perennihranchiate Batrachians which stand lowest in the class of Reptiles ; not only the superior maxillary teeth, but the bones coach purses on sale themselves are absent, he observes, in Siren, Menobranrhiu, and Proteus. In the Siren, he describes the lower margin of the intennaxillary bones, and the sloping anterior and tipper margin of tho lower jaw, as trenchant, and each encased in a sheath of firm, albuminous, minutely fibrous tissue, harder than horn. The bones thus armed slide upon each coach handbags outlet other, ho coach purses on sale tells us, like the bladesof. a pair of curved scissors, when the mouth is closed, and are well adapted for dividing the bodies of small G star raw jeans fish, aquatic larva?, worms, &c.

bandu2 : menu_arrow.gif Article: (Part ii, pp. 188, 189.) - 16/12/2010 09:27





(Part ii, pp. 188, 189.)In the A.eolotl also the ichthyic character of the rasp-like teeth are aggregated in numerous rows upon the palatal region of the mouth, and upon the splenial or opercular element of the lower jaw ; but here, Mr. Owen observes, the superior maxillary bones are developed, and support teeth. The premandibular and the intermaxillary bones, he adds, instead of presenting the larval condition of the horny sheath, have their alveolar border armed with coach purses on sale a single row of small, equal, fine, and sharp-pointed denticles, which coach handbags outlet are continued above along the maxillaries ; thus, he observes, establishing the commencement of the ordinary Batraehian condition of the marginal teeth of the buccal cavity. As in the Siren, the dentigerous bones of the palate consist of G-star two plates on each side ; the anterior pair, or vomers, converge and meet at their anterior extremities, and the minute denticles which they support are arranged quiucuncially. The posterior pair of bones continued backwards, according to the usual disposition of the pterygoids, abut against the tympanic or quadrate bones ; and the denticles are confined to the anterior part of their oral surface, resembling, in their arrangement and anchylosed attachment,, those of tho palatal series, of which they are the posterior termination.The superior maxillaries and their teeth are, it appears, wanting in Menobranehus [nectukus] ; but in this form an advance to a higher type of dentition is perceptible by the arrangement of the teeth in a single row, both upon the roof and at the margins of the mouth. Theintermaxillary bones are produced backwards, and the single row of small pointed teeth which they support G-star outlet is opposed to a similar series upon the premandibular bones below. The palatal teeth form a single row on each of the broad bones G star raw jeans which correspond with those described by Cuvier as the divided vomer cheap coach bags in the higher Batrachians, and extend backwards upon the pterygoids, which support a few teeth.